World War 1

The First World War, also called the First World War or the Great War, was an international conflict that in 1914-18 brought many European nations as well as Russia, the United States, the Middle East, and other regions. The war included the Middle Ages - especially Germany, Austria-Hungary and Turkey - against the Allies - especially France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and, since 1917, and the United States. It ended with the defeat of the Central Powers. War had never before been seen in human history, as was the case with humans.

What was the primary cause of World War I?

World War I began with the assassination of South Australian Prince Franz Ferdinand of South Slav Gavrilo Princip on June 28, 1914.

Which countries are fighting in World War I?

The war pitted the Central Powers (especially Germany, Austria-Hungary and Turkey) and the Allies (especially France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and, since 1917, and the United States).

Who won World War I?

The Allies won World War I after four years of fighting and the death toll of some 8.5 million soldiers as a result of war or disease.

World War I was one of the major watersheds of the 20th century. It led to the fall of the four great emperors (Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary and Turkey), led to the Bolshevik uprising in Russia, and, in its reduction of European society, laid the foundation for World War II.

World War I

The outbreak of war

Since Serbia had already been plagued by two Balkan wars (1912-13, 1913), Serbs reverted to the idea of ​​"liberating" the Slavs of South Austria-Hungary. Colonel Dragutin Dimitrijević, Serbian military intelligence chief, also, under the name "Apis," the head of the secret organization Union or Death, promised to follow this pan-Serbia ambition. Believing that the Serbian goal would be achieved by the death of the great Austrian emperor Franz Ferdinand, heir apparent to Austrian emperor Franz Joseph, and hearing that the Archduke was about to visit Bosnia on a military mission, Apis plotted his assassination. Nikola Pašić, Serbian's prime minister and an enemy of Apis, heard about the plot and warned the Austrian government about it, but his message was written with great caution.

At 11:15 a.m. on June 28, 1914, in the Bosnian capital, Sarajevo, Franz Ferdinand and his immoral wife, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, were shot dead by Bosnian Serbian Gavrilo Princip. Austro-Hungarian staff chief Franz, Graf (count) Conrad von Hötzendorf, and Foreign Minister Leopold Graf von Berchtold saw crime as an opportunity to undermine Serbia and thus enhance Austria-Hungary prestige in the Balkans. Conrad was already (October 1913) certified by William II with German support if Austria-Hungary could start a war to defend Serbia. The confirmation was confirmed the week after his assassination, before William, on July 6, began his annual trip to the Northern Cape, Norway.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie

The Austrians decided to present an unacceptable end to Serbia and declared war, hoping Germany would prevent Russia from intervening. Although the terms of the resolution were finally adopted on July 19, their submissions were postponed to the evening of July 23, since then French President Raymond Poincaré and his Prime Minister, René Viviani, who were on a visit to Russia on July 15, would be on their way home. Russians. During the announcement, on July 24, Russia announced that Austria-Hungary should not be allowed to crush Serbia.

Serbia responded to the report on July 25, accepting most of its demands but opposing two of them - namely, Serbian officials (unnamed) should be dissolved on Austrian-Hungary orders and that Austro-Hungarian officials should participate, on Serbian soil, in cases run by rival parties. and Austria-Hungary. Although Serbia promised to bring the issue to the forefront of globalization, Austria-Hungary quickly severed political ties and ordered the integration of part.

Returning home in his boat on July 27, William heard on July 28 how Serbia had responded to the decision. He immediately ordered the German Foreign Office to inform Austria-Hungary that there was no longer any excuse for war and that he should be content with a temporary stay in Belgrade. But, in the meantime, the German Foreign Office had been so enthusiastic about Berchtold that on July 27 he had persuaded Franz Joseph to authorize war with Serbia. The war was declared July 28, and Austro-Hungarian weapons began blasting Belgrade the next day. Russia then ordered the partial integration of Austria-Hungary, and on July 30, when Austria-Hungary matured normally by a mandate to enforce its Russian border, Russia ordered a general consolidation. Germany, which since July 28 had remained hopeful, ignoring earlier warning signs from Great Britain, that the Austro-Hungarian-Serbian war could be "put on hold" in the Balkans, was now disappointed because it was in eastern Europe. On July 31 Germany sent a 24-hour resolution requiring Russia to suspend its alliance and an 18-hour decision that required France to pledge neutrality in the event of a war between Russia and Germany.

 

Both Russia and France ignored these demands. On August 1, Germany ordered a general assembly and declared war on Russia, and France ordered a general strike. The next day Germany sent troops to Luxembourg and demanded that Belgium pass free German troops across the neutral zone. On August 3 Germany declared war on France.

On the night of August 3-4 German troops invaded Belgium. There, Great Britain, indifferent to Serbia and without a valid obligation to fight for Russia or France but committed itself to defending Belgium, on August 4 declared war on Germany.

Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia on August 5; Serbia face Germany on August 6; Montenegro against Austria-Hungary on August 7 and Germany on August 12; France and Great Britain fought Austria-Hungary on August 10 and August 12, respectively; Japan faces Germany on August 23; Austria-Hungary faces Japan on August 25 and Belgium on August 28.

Romania renewed its secret anti-Russian alliance of 1883 with Central Powers on February 26, 1914, but has now chosen to remain neutral. Italy had ratified the Triple Alliance on December 7, 1912, but it could now raise legal issues to ignore: first, Italy was not obliged to support its allies in the violent war; second, the first treaty of 1882 made it clear that the alliance was not against England.

On September 5, 1914, Russia, France, and Great Britain concluded the Treaty of London, each of which promised to restore peace with the Empire. From there, they can be called Allied, or Entente, Power, or Allies.

Witness the start of World War I with the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand on June 28, 1914

The outbreak of war in August 1914 was generally welcomed with confidence and joy by the people of Europe, among whom a wave of patriotic fervor and celebration. Few people thought about how long or how dangerous European warfare would be, and most of them believed that their country would win in just a few months. The war was adopted by patriotic fervor, as a defense imposed by a national need, or imagined, as an alternative to the right to power, the sanctity of treaties, and international morality.